The Indian Space Policy 2023 is a major milestone and has created reverberations among space agencies, institutions, and industry alike to harness the opportunities in defense and dual-use technologies.
The policy is expected to institutionalize private sector participation in the space sector, with ISRO focusing on R & D of advanced space technologies, and is likely to increase India’s share in the global space economy substantially from 2% to 10% in the foreseeable future.
It is envisaged that the boost in satellite manufacturing and launch capabilities will yield USD 3.2 billion by the year 2025 against USD 2.1 billion in 2020.
The Defence Space Program Deliverables
Satellites offer huge intelligence, information, surveillance, and communication advantages, which are the center of gravity of military planning and execution. Military satellites as a part of communication and other application-based satellite systems and leasing satellites have been a need-based part of military perspective planning. As the need for maritime domain awareness grows, and as border tensions with China and Pakistan increase, vulnerabilities in Indian space security have made it mandatory to look to build up its minuscule number of military satellites. There are major opportunities in the Defence Space Technology Scenario of invisible information-based warfare. Salient deliverables are given in the succeeding paras.
Space Domain & Situational Awareness Capabilities
Space is a congested, contested, and competitive domain with a highly dynamic and rapidly evolving environment. Over the last sixty years, approximately 9,600 satellites have been placed into Earth orbit without any regulatory framework. This number is expected to exponentially increase considering the tremendous advances small satellites, launch capabilities and spacecraft design. There are a number of public and private agencies capable of accessing space as it has a major impact on civilian usage, military operations and security activities.
Therefore, Space Domain Awareness (SDA) becomes an essential enabling capability. SDA can be defined as the capability to detect, track, identify and characterize space objects including space debris and the Space environment, aimed at supporting Space activities in terms of safety, security, and sustainability.
Also, there is a dire need to identify risks and threats affecting Space systems in order to take appropriate countermeasures, thereby increasing space systems resilience. Consistent with SDA, Space Situational Awareness (SSA) is important ingredient of space domain capabilities and capacities. In fact, SDA and SSA are two sides of the same coin for military, civilian and dual use. The following issues merit consideration:
- Space surveillance and tracking systems to detect space objects and classify them as friendly, hostile or debris and predict their orbits.
- Space intelligence collection for analysis and exploitation to identify unknown satellites, understand if they are operational and discover their capabilities and purpose. Space intelligence plays a fundamental role to coordinate, command and control Space effects in support of military commanders, thereby ensuring that Space services driven right info is available at the right place and right time.
Space-Based Surveillance Network Systems
There is a dire need to configure a network of varied space surveillance systems space radar systems, phased array and synthetic aperture radars, thermal infrared spectrometers, multi spectral imagers, glimmers, rolling mirror space telescopes with varying resolution on ground and in space. This shall generate info for space situational awareness and debris status and ground based geospatial data for military applications and National Missions / SDGs of India.
Secure Space Communication Systems
Space Communication systems is two-way communication in uplink and downlink which need to be secured to convey signals and geospatial data in real-time. Satcom Association of India is an Agency that is tasked to identify areas of research, design, and development in seamless secure communication systems.
Research Centre of Big Data for Nation Mission & Defence
A unified secure cloud (Space Data Centres) for storing big data that will get generated would need to be created. This Research Centre would be the most important repository of the humongous amount of data for defense and National Missions /SDGs and would be a strategic asset of National Importance. This SDG Big Data Platform would aim to integrate Big Earth Data and that of aerial platforms of the Tri-Services and other agencies for collation, synthesis & monitoring for predictive and prescriptive analytics. Big Data Platforms, Multi Platform Multi Sensor Data Fusion and AI platforms would need to be created for generating an Integrated Information, Actionable Intelligence and Decision Support System.
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) -NAVIC
A system of GEO and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites would need to launched to configure a robust NAVIC as a reliable global positioning system (GPS). This would need to be hardened for a robust global positioning, navigation and timing.
Micro, Nano & Software Defined Satellites
With the proliferation in miniaturized small satellites and ease of their launch, an eye in the sky as a low earth orbit satellite is a huge disruptive technology. Given the need to defend vast borders delineated by volatile international border, line of control and line of actual control and the coast line, deep and shallow look capabilities through a technology solution is a dire necessity.
A large number of surveillance devices are deployed, but given the porosity and the sheer length of the borders and areas of interest and influences, for round-the-clock surveillance, Indian Military must develop the capability to launch Nano – tech-enabled Low Earth Orbit Satellites and have a GIS platform duly integrated. One rationale for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost and being lighter, require smaller and cheaper launch vehicles, which can sometimes be launched in multiples.
They can also be launched ‘piggyback’, using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles. Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs and ease of mass production. A number of academic institutions, start ups and private sector are currently developing small satellites and launch mechanisms (vehicles) to perform the increasingly targeted launch requirements of microsatellites.
As an adjunct to National Disaster Management Program, to monitor avalanches and other natural calamities to facilitate disaster relief but primarily keep continuous watch in the areas of interest and influence for military targets of interest.
The platform ground station would be geo spatial enabled for accurate position fixes. This Program could be the vanguard to unleash the Tri Service Space Command.
Resilient Positioning Navigation and Timing (PNT) Systems
PNT is the critical mass of all space-based systems. In the digital world, it is a National level problem but can affect Armed Forces at the time of crisis and war. The Indian Satellite-Based Systems are dependent on Global Navigation Satellite Systems including the US-based Global Positioning System (GPS).
The ability of USA or an inimical Nation degrading GPS and affecting PNT will have serious implications on eGovernance and decision support systems and can be disastrous in war. There is need to design, develop and deploy three layers of systems for assured PNT:
- A terrestrial system for PNT. This shall help in getting geospatial data from in-premise infrastructure so important in the management of information, resources, and autonomous systems
- This terrestrial grid must be layered with low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-based systems that are ready to launch on demand for real-time situational awareness.
- Tethered /solar-based drones as quasi-satellite as eye in the sky, on-demand for localized PNT support up to 30 Km above the mean sea level
Launching of Satellite Systems on Demand
There is a void in real-time satellite imagery. The present system of terrain mapping in the areas of interest and influence need to be reduced to at least four hours, This calls for a concerted effort to launch more defence payload satellites. These may be nano and small LEO satellites on demand.
There is also a need to develop software-defined satellites for muti payloads. As a fallout, resilient PNT can also be achieved by developing launch on demand satellites.
Weaponizing Space Systems
Hypersonic glide vehicles, hypersonic missiles, Anti Satellite Systems based on Ground-based launchers for hard kill and soft kill systems in space is in the realms of technology demonstration and a void. There is a need to design, develop and deploy anti-satellite missile systems.
Also, space-based hard kill guided missile systems, jamming, directed energy weapons and electromagnetic pulse systems need to be developed for use from space to earth. There is a need to create soft and hard kill systems including jammers and directed energy weapons (DEWs) for Outer Space Warfare.
The scope of such capabilities include ground-to-space warfare, space-to-space warfare (satellites destroying hostile satellites, space to-ground warfare. These technologies include EM spectrum, laser-based DEWs and hard kill missile ASAT systems.
Value Addition Space-Based Projects
That said, there are two key drivers of the Defence Space Program – Technology and Data. The technology comprises space technologies and supporting emerging technologies AI, AR, VR, nano materials and energizers, quantum technologies, communication tech, cyber and electronics warfare tech, directed energy tech to name a few big tickets.
Data comprises geospatial data and all forms of unstructured data from various sensors and devices tied into big data analytics. There is a need to create enabling technologies and space based projects for 24/7 situation awareness:
- AI platform for satellite and other imagery interpretation and identification of military objects and combat groupings of interest.
- Red Force Tracking and intelligence collection in real time including tracking key enemy military targets of interest for int preparation of the battlefield (IPB).
- Blue Force Tracking in real time thereby facilitating effective command and control.
- Seamless all weather EM and satellite communication.
- Tri-Service Platform for Electronic Warfare – electronics surveillance, electronics counter /counter-counter measures.
- Cyber defensive and offensive systems.
- Weather and met data for artillery and long range vectors though autonomous space-based met data software systems.
- Effective disaster management, precision agriculture and defence through MPMSDF based proactive forecasting and follow up actions.
The paradigm of future warfare is invisible warfare and cyber warfare is a good example. The same would be true for information and Space Based Warfare. Given the emerging technology landscape and the primacy of space warfare with time, there is a need to develop a major Integrated Space & Aerial Systems Development Program to create a Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Cognition (C6) Intelligence, Info, Surveillance, Security, Reconnaissance Big Data Decision Support System for National Missions /SDGs and add Combat (C7) systems for defence. This should be the ultimate intent for exploitation of Space Mission in National Strategic interest.
Conclusion
The major benefactor of the space program is Defence. India has set up a Tri Service Defence Space Agency and recently, a Defence Space Mission tasked with operating the space-warfare and Satellite Intelligence assets supported by the Defence Space Research Organisation that has the mandate to create weapons to “degrade, disrupt, destroy or deceive an adversary’s space capability” and of course, the spin off for dual use.
Policy, structure and strategy are three quintessential macros for launch of a successful program. The three structures comprise space sector PSUNew Space India Limited (NSIL) for oversight on strategic and operational activities in the Space Sector, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) with focus on developing new technologies and new systems , Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) as an interface between ISRO and private entities.
There is a dire need to create and develop an overarching structure comprising SMEs for providing long-term strategy and management oversight through an Integrated Space Development Program akin to Integrated Guided Missiles Development Program to prepare a cogent strategy, plan, direct, coordinate and monitor, short, medium and long term deliverables to ensure that the policy’s efforts are carried forward as a joint effort with academia and industry stakeholders. This would provide velocity to a well-orchestrated hub and spoke wheel to the Indian National Space Development Program.